Essay on The Etruscan Religion - 1937 Words

The origin of the Etruscans is a mystery, still unsolved by modern man. Ancient peoples held an almost unanimous opinion on the subject, based on the account of the first great Greek historian, Herodotus, who wrote in about 800 B. C. as follows: In the reign of Atys, son of Manes, a great famine is said to have occurred in the whole of Lydia. For some time, the Lydians persisted in carrying on their usual life; then as the famine did not abate, they sought remedies and some thought of one thing and some thought of another. It is said that is was then that the game of dice, the game of knuckles, games of ball and other games were invented but not the game of draughts, the invention of which the Lydians do not claim. And this is how†¦show more content†¦The name Etruscan comes from the Romans, who called them Tusci or Etrusci, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenoi, and they called themselves Rasena. A Lydian or Oriental origin is probable because there is a locality in Lydia which is called Tyrra, which would help to explain the Greek name, Tyrrhenoi. At any rate, it is believed that during the Iron Age in the first millennium B. C. groups of people of the so-called â€Å"Villanovan† culture settled on various hilltops, which provided ideal defensive locations. Following the Villanovans came the Etruscans who invaded by ship and set up their first towns on the coast. They were exceptional metal-workers and were evidently attracted to this section of Italy by the vast supplies of copper near Populonia and Piombino and by the iron ore on the island of Elba. The date is estimated at 750 B. C. The Etruscan language is another mystery, still unsolved by modern man. A reason for this is a lack of sources. Although about ten thousand inscriptions have been found, about nine thousand are funerary and contain only the name of the deceased, his parentage and the age at which he died. There are only about ten texts which consist of more than one line; there are only two that consist of more than one hundred words. One is an engraved tile discovered at Capua, containing about three hundred words, the other is the Cippus Perusianus, containing about one hundred twenty words. A manuscript was also found.Show MoreRelatedEtruscan Culture, Architecture, Art, And Religion936 Words   |  4 Pages1. What were some key aspects of Etruscan culture, architecture, art, and religion? Little is known about Etruscan culture, but from what evidence that has been discovered we know that they were indigenous people of what we today call Italy and Turkey. Some other things we do know is that they inherited some aspects of their culture from the Greeks such as their art, literature, and religion. The Etruscan architecture, being influenced by the Greeks, had temples with stone foundations that wereRead MoreEtruscans1697 Words   |  7 PagesEtruscans: The Building Block of Rome The dominant early settlers on the Italian peninsula were a non-Indo-European-speaking people known as the Etruscans (Coffin Stacey 168). The Etruscans were among three groups of people from the East that entered Italy as colonists and later as rulers of various segments of the peninsula. The Etruscans came into Italy about 800 B.C.E. following the Adriatic Sea. Although our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited by the fact that their languageRead MoreThe Early Influences of Rome1710 Words   |  7 Pagessouthernmost Etruscan centers[1]. These places, Caere, Tarquinii, Vulci, and Veii, were the first city-states to be formed. It wasn’t long before the great city of Rome would rise. In this essay, we will briefly comment on the founders of Rome and their influences. Taking each part of history step by step hoping to uncover the secrets of Rome’s first steps towards become a great empire. The first thought of discussion will be on the Etruscans, the people of Etruia. The Etruscans playedRead MoreEssay on Roman â€Å"Res Publica†1007 Words   |  5 Pages These people were known as the Etruscans. The Etruscans were a military ruling class that exploited the native Italians, making them work the mines and serve in the Etruscan armies, while they themselves became wealthy from farming the land, piracy and trade commerce. Although the Etruscans exploited much of the people, they brought with them an abundance of knowledge and ideals that would change civilization as they once knew it for the better. The Etruscans brought with them ideals of philosophyRead MoreThe Temple Of Jupiter Optimus1353 Words   |  6 PagesLike the Etruscans and Greeks before them, the Romans are known for having constructed monumental temples in highly visible locations. Situated atop the Capitoline Hill in the heart of the ancient city of Rome, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, shared with Juno Regina, and Minerva, represented this tradition well. Before the iconic Temple became known as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the site came to symbolize Rome’s position as Caput Mundi, which literally means ‘head of the world’Read MoreClassical Societies Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthe society, the artwork must be studied in a variety of ways. The artwork that will be examined will be the Parthenon from the Classical Greece period, the Nike of Samothrace from the Hellenistic Greece period, the Capitoline She-Wolf from the Etruscan Civilization, a Roman Patrician with Busts of His Ancestors from the Roman Republic, and Pantheon from the Roman Empire civilization. The Parthenon is a perfect example of the Doric style of architecture from the Classical Greek period. The ParthenonRead MoreSummary : Mausoleum Of Augustus 1593 Words   |  7 PagesRoman Kingdom emerged with the aid of the Etruscans, the original Italians inhabiting Italy around 800 BCE. Their great influence came in the forms of: living arrangements, burial rituals, architecture, religion, monarchy, and culture. Rome’s early successes were attributed to the bond they had with the Etruscans. As many leaders arose throughout Rome’s history, the greats wanted a divine connection to Rome, to be like Romulus and his dear friends the Etruscans, the ancient ancestors of Rome. JuliusRead MoreRise of the Roman Empire Essay examples1226 Words   |  5 Pagesand Etruscans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Etruscans settled in Rome somewhere between 900 and 800 BC. archaeologists suspect that they came from the eastern Mediterannean, possibly Asia Minor. We will, however, never really know where they came from or why they colonized Italy. We do know that when they came to Italy, they brought civilization and urbanization with them as Radice asserts AThe advance of Rome was due to the expansion of the mysterious neighbors from the north, the Etruscans.@(17)Read MoreAeneid Analysis789 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling them to develop a rich, eclectic culture. The Roman nation s origins are very pedestrian in comparison to Virgil s poem. The Romans were governed by the Etruscan nation between 750 BC and 250 BC (Time Maps, 2012). The Etruscan governing and belief system is the foundation of Roman society but they differ slightly. The Etruscan government began as a monarchy but eventuallyRead MoreReligious Accessibility . In The Course Of This Class We1296 Words   |  6 Pagesrole when looking at each culture and their key monuments and artifacts. When specifically looking at religious buildings we can see that they reflect the function and the belief system of the culture, it also speaks directly to the accessibility of religion to the culture’s population. Not only the buildings culture is reflected in the architectural design, but also to accessibility, limitations, or privilege over others that some citizens had when accessing their place of worship, their sacred artifacts

Impact of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark...

The year of 1803 significantly changed our nation eternally. It stunned many people. In no way, shape or form, did we ever believe that our nation would expand so rapidly. What started with the small purchase of New Orleans led into the substantial purchase of the Louisiana Territory. This was a purchase that will make Thomas Jefferson a man to be remembered. Although, he wasn’t the only man who impacted the United States during this time period. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are the two men that are greatly known for their expedition across the Louisiana Territory. These two subjects, the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition, altered our nation immeasurably. The Louisiana Purchase came as a surprise that neither†¦show more content†¦New American settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains depended on river transportation to transport their goods because overland trade was very expensive and impractical. Also, the United States wanted a tract of land on the lower Mississippi. James Monroe, the primary negotiator in Paris, was empowered to obtain New Orleans and West Florida for anywhere between two and ten million dollars. Surprisingly, however, Napoleon offered much more. The United States was given the opportunity to buy the Louisiana Territory, which stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. This one transaction doubled the physical size of the United States and cost our nation fifteen million dollars. Fifteen million dollars came out to approximately three cents an acre. Now this seems like a relatively small sum for such a massive amount of land, but it was still a gigantic price tag for the modest federal budget of the day. Thomas Jefferson had mixed emotions about the Louisiana Purchase. On one hand, he knew it would be a grand opportunity, and the United States would be assured free navigation of the Mississippi River. Also, it would double our nation in size and be considered one of the larges t, if not the largest, land transaction in history. On the other hand, he was conflicted whether or not to buy the Louisiana Territory because of guidelines set forth in the Constitution. The Constitution did not specificallyShow MoreRelatedLouisiana Purchase And The Louisiana1535 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant occurrence happened. The purchase of 827,000 square miles of land for approximately 4 cents an acre or 15 million dollars was made. This purchase was unlike any other, for it would have the most importance of any other purchase made in the United States. It is referred to as the Louisiana Purchase. The land that was purchased was known as the Louisiana Territory. Also, this territory wasn’t just bought. It was exchanged, for an important reason. The Louisiana Purchase is known as one of the mostRead MoreLouisiana Purchase Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Louisiana Purchase was the most influential and important land purchases in American history. The acquired la nd in this historical purchase proved to far outweigh what most Americans at the time could imagine. The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States, and lead to many great discoveries and societal benefits. Some of the major and most prominent ways that the Louisiana Purchase influenced the evolution of American were the expeditions of Louis and Clark on theRead MoreLewis And Clark s Impact On The United States1480 Words   |  6 PagesLewis And Clark Expedition The exploration of Lewis and Clark into the Louisiana Purchase had a great impact on the United States. During the exploration, they encountered Native American tribes, who exchanged items with them, and new species of plants and animals. The expedition of Lewis and Clark began on May 21,1804. Meriwether Lewis was born on August 18, 1774 in Albemarle County, Virginia. Lewis met Clark in 1795 in the army. Lewis was asked to be Thomas Jefferson’s private secretary in 1801Read MoreTo What Extent Was the Election of 1800 Aptly Named the Revolution of 1800? Respond with Reference to Two of the Following Areas: Foreign Policy - Judiciary - Politics - Economics623 Words   |  3 Pagesmachine-based economy along with Albert Gallatin issuing the, â€Å"Report on Roads and Canals,† leading to the creation of a national road were both big contributions to the American economy at that present time. Along with the Louisiana Purchase from France and Lewis and Clarke Expedition were two huge factors in the way America’s geography would turn out to this present day, along with helping the economy drastically. The election of Thomas Jefferson was on of the best things that has ever happenedRead MoreThe Lewis And Clark Expedition1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe acquired Louisiana territory doubled the size of America and allowed the boundaries of the country to be extended. This acquisition of land became to be known as the Louisiana Purchase. However, the new and unknown territory had to be explored in order to obtain an accurate sense of the strange land and what resources it had to offer. Jefferson was in need of someone brave enough who would take on the challenge and achieve success. The role best fit the appointed soldier, politician, and publicRead MoreLewis And Clark Expedition : Analysis1504 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Hohlt Professor Abbie Grubb History 1301 May 4, 2016 Lewis and Clark expedition In May of 1803 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark departed from St. louis, Missouri to simply find a water route in the west. They were exploring brand new, just acquired territory from Napoleon of France by Thomas Jefferson, who was our president at the time. This was called the great Louisiana purchase. The Lewis and Clark exploration was nothing less than extraordinary, they came across three-hundredRead MoreThe Louisiana Purchase Shaping America1213 Words   |  5 Pages The Louisiana Purchase shaping America Christopher Richeson East Forsyth High School Mrs. Callendar American History 4th Period December 15, 2015 Abstract The Louisiana Purchase was a major event in the growth of the United States of America. Purchased from France for 15 million by Thomas Jefferson in 1803, it gave America twice the available land, adding 827,000 square miles. Some may argue the Louisiana Purchase is unconstitutional, but Jefferson found a way around that. TheRead MoreThe Lewis And Clark Expedition1415 Words   |  6 PagesCaptain Meriwether Lewis and William Clark put their lives on the line only to return with information regarding the Pacific Northwest of the United States territory. Their reasons behind this journey, being to expand the United States to the West, involved the entire nation but debatably, their accomplishments and the reaction of others became a major part of today’s history. The foremost reason behind the Lewis and Clark expedition was all based on Thomas Jefferson’s, president at the time, interestRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Declaration Of Independence1360 Words   |  6 Pageswanted America to remain independent. Jefferson was the man with the vision to look into the future and make it a better country. One of the things our third president Thomas Jefferson did was purchased the Louisiana Purchase from France as a part to help his Economics. The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France, and the United States acquired eight hundred and twenty-seven thousand square miles of land in the west of Mississippi River for fifteen million. AlthoughRead MoreThe Success Of The Lewis And Clark Expedition1810 Words   |  8 Pagesadmirable historical figure, though not many knew of her contributions. She was a Shoshone Indian who worked as an interpreter, guide, and peacemaker for the Lewis and Clark expedition. Through these essential roles, she became a vital part of the journey to find territory. The efforts of Sacagawea lead to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition which greatly impacted the expansion and advancement of America. The early life of Sacagawea became preparation for an important time to come. Her childhood

Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Despite legion researches made to research assorted facets of human behaviour. it remains a really complex phenomenon and it is instead hard to understand why different people behave otherwise in a given state of affairs. Scientists doing research in the field of applied psychological science though have presented touchable causes of the varying tempers and the ripplings in human behaviour. yet much is yet to be discovered. Theories abound. of class. But more frequently than non. they appear to miss relation with the concrete fortunes that one is compelled to face in a practical state of affairs. What is so the world of fluctuations in temper and behaviour of different people in a peculiar state of affairs? This is the most pertinent inquiry while covering with work behaviour of people in a on the job topographic point. And on the reply. which follows in the resulting paragraphs. will depend the waies which the organisations might take to acquire the best out of the bing work behavio ur of the employees for the overall prosperity of the organisations they work for. The Work Behavior Before discoursing the ‘Organizational Citizenship Behavior’ . it is of import that we foremost understand the significance and importance of the termwork behaviour. Work behavior denotes the sort of behaviour which one exhibits during his or her work in a workplace. Work behaviours in human existences differ from one individual to another individual. The work behaviour. which is considered to be more formal. could change from one sort of work to another. Different professions can act upon a person’s work behaviour to attest otherwise. For illustration a work behaviour of a individual working in a film-making group. Lashkar-e-Taibas say of Hollywood. would aggressively differ from the work behaviour of a instructor in an educational campus. Woehr. D. J. ( 2007. p92 ) Organizational Citizenship Behaviors ( OCBs ) Defined Organizational Citizenship Behavior for short OCB is defined as a specific work behaviour in a on the job environment of an organisation. house or corporation. Therefore theOCBsare the particular kinds of work behaviour in persons which if positive can be of great benefit to the organisation. while it can do much loss to the company if used as negative. However. the human behaviours falling within the range and scope of the definition of theOCBsare discretional and a affair of personal pick. This means that their skip are non by and large considered or taken as punishable. except that these can exert great consequence on the overall productiveness of an organisation. The OCBs are considered to be a really of import factor that has a direct impact on the efficiency of a company. The favourable work behaviour of a worker can profit a company he or she works for. and rather intelligibly. and contrarily it can harm the same company if the work behaviour of the same worker is unfavourable . It was Dennis Organ from the Indiana University who foremost introduced the OCB in academic circles and so for good admitted it into the course of study or course of study of survey classs as a complete topic. Since rather a past the topic has gained huge importance and is now considered to hold grown into a really conspicuous and utile subdivision of research. ( Cirka. C. C. . 1999. p42 ) Variation in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors The survey conceives that the organisational citizenship behaviour ( OCB ) that offers an aid to co-workers or to a company or corporation conceals the fact that there are different types of behaviours present in OCB. The major two types include: The advantages of differentiations between the above two OCB behaviours. by suggesting that there are cultural differences in OCB magnitudes. appear to last more in the evading of destructive behaviours instead than in the activation of positive input. With 296 Chinese and American directors taking portion. a few accounts as to why this phenomenon occurs have been examined. and it was established that the likeliness of one avoiding a damaging behaviour without any consequence is the most sound account for a inquiry as to why acquiring rid of assorted destructive behaviours should be considered as an organisational citizenship behaviour in one state and non in another. ( Markozcy. L. 2003. n. p. ) OCB. Employee-Organization Relationship A ; Service Quality The recent surveies on how to develop client satisfaction so that they become loyal clients have brought out a salient point that it is merely non plenty for clients to be merely satisfied by the services the organisations offer. The satisfied clients of class are the 1s who are normally non interested in a peculiar merchandise of a company and therefore. could be interested in a assortment of trade names in the same class. The customers’ satisfaction or contentment may needfully be explained by his or her experience of new highs of delectation if they are to stay loyal to a peculiar organisation or trade name. These marks can be achieved specifically merely if the organisational citizenship behaviours ( OCBs ) of the service employees are considered as a causal factor lending much to the customers’ consciousness to the quality facet of service. Second the function of the employee-organization relationship as injury to the OCBs is to be considered. particularly in instance the relationship between employee’s image of organisational support and their public presentation of OCBs has to be investigated. The employees are expected to be more interested to utilize the OCBs if and when they are provided with needed aid from their organisation. The factor of relationship between designation degree of the employees with the company and their inclination to execute OCBs will besides hold to be considered. In this instance it is expected that employees who set their ain values inline with the values of the organisation will be more interested to utilize the OCBs. In the terminal the significance of an independent work environment in helping the public presentation of OCB has besides to be investigated. It is concluded that since most of the OCBs require extra enterprise. the employees would decidedly necessitate certain sum len ience or laxness in the behaviour so as to put to death them. Hence it is expected that the aid from the organisation and its acknowledgment would be holding a definite and much greater consequence on the OCBs particularly in a state of affairs where employees have an enhanced degree of independency within their occupations. The other facet of this survey is that it signifies the impact of theOrganization-Employee Relationshipon both theOCBsandService Qualityat the same time. The intense engagement of factors like supervisory control. support and favourable clime would finally take to better consequences in client service. Furthermore the manner in which a specific organisation translates its full program and subject would decidedly act upon the sort of relationship that gets developed between the employees and that organisation. It would besides demo the grade of designation the organisation gets stimulated as a consequence. Nevertheless it would constantly include discoursing with employees as a major portion they would be playing to make organisational value ; the satisfied clients and making occupations. which are really utile to them. Another factor that besides plays an every bit of import function is the engagement ofenlisting and choice patterns. A higher degree of organisational designation woul d be achieved one time the choice of employees is made on the footing of virtue particularly on confidence that how appropriately they fit within the overall civilization of the organisation alternatively of enrolling them wholly on the footing of their sketchs. Another main determination from this study study is the significance of an independent work conditions that offer employees with chances of behavioural laxness needed to be used in the OCBs. The intension implied in these free and independent work environments runs two folded. The deductions include: The above ends would be achieved through proper preparation and perspicacious determinations in the enlisting of such employees. ( Bell. S. J. . V-78. n. p. n. d. ) The OBC among Hospital Employees It is normally understood that infirmaries while continuously confronting emphasis in commanding the operating costs. they frequently resort to the pattern of decreases in their staff besides the attempts required for redesigning hospital constructions. After the decrease run the staying staff are evidently asked to make more work taking an extra burden work of the discharged staff. Therefore under these present conditions particularly this inclination of the present twenty-four hours infirmaries. there is allthemore demand for educating the disposal of the infirmaries with the constructs and significance of the OCBs and their enterprises in retaining those employees who are capable of attesting such behaviours. Hence there is an fervent demand of a survey which might analyze the relationships The survey examined the relationships between three organisational committedness constituents. every bit good as occupation satisfaction and the two detached OCB signifiers. The research affect ingutilityindicated that contentment with co-workers and most affecting committedness were the two most of import indexs of one-facet citizenship behaviour. since each construction added sole difference in the dependable variable. ( Bolon. S. Douglas. 1997 p221 ) The infirmary industry is faced at one time with acute jobs like cost controlling and quality improving in the rescue of attention. Although this is a hard and disputing undertaking yet this is the lone 1 that all infirmaries must rectify if they are to be competitory and survive during these unsure times. The study of 700 infirmaries by a national accounting and consulting house. Deloitte A ; Touche. found that 38 % of the installations had reduced theirwork-force-sizemerely in commanding the operating costs of infirmaries ( Burda 1994 ) . The same consulting house Deloitte A ; Touche in a similar study conducted antecedently had found that merely 27 % of the respondent pointed out their plans to cut down the size of their work forces ( Burda 1994 ) . The more bewitching facet even than even a sheer addition in the per centum in theprojected-staff-reductionsis rather apparent from the fact that from the full infirmaries decreases in their staff includes the 23 % program to cut dow n their work forces by 10 to 30 % ( Burda 1994 ) . These recent figures show future marks of ample decreases of the already work forces in the bing infirmaries. The maintained employees by these infirmaries are frequently asked to execute the responsibilities which their expelled co-workers used to execute. This meant a burden of work in add-on to the already everyday work which the maintained staff had on their portion. The load of extra burden of work becomes unbearable by some workers. while the stronger 1s may still be able to set to these new alterations. Therefore it is merely a limited figure of employees who are willing to take up the expanded duties and therefore be able to entirely get by with the reconstituting attempts of the infirmary. . Thus it should be these employs the hospital disposal must concentrate on while during enlisting of staff. Such employees if recruited and retained would lend a batch in bettering the attention quality of infirmary delivered at their installation during times of cost containment and work -force decreases. It is merely this type of employees. who continuously put forth flexible behaviour that is much more than their normal official demands. and which is the 1 that is responsible for the overall betterment and operation of the infirmary. This precisely is the sort of Organizational Citizenship Behavior ( OCB ) which is depicted in the above survey instance of infirmary. ( Bolon. S. Douglas. 1997 p221 ) The Background It was in 1964 when Katz had identified three basic types of employee behaviour that are considered really important for the unfailing operation of an organisational. The three basic sorts of work behaviours include the below characteristics: Whereas the designation of the above first two sorts of behaviour had been of import all along. yet it is the last 3rdtype of behaviour ( above ) i. e. OCBs that falls within the scope of survey in this paper ( Bolon. S. Douglas. 1997 p221 ) A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature – Organizational Citizenship Behaviors The late fast research onOrganizational Citizenship Behaviors( OCBs ) has resulted in some kind of confusion in cardinal constructs in the nature of the concept of OCBs. This has made hard for all but the most devouring readers to maintain up with developments in this field of research. The above critical scrutiny on organisational citizenship behaviour made in this paper. and the other literature associating to its assorted concepts specify more explicitly the followers: Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Leader Fairness and Task Scope Vs Satisfaction It is through recent research that a dependable and practical relationship between satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior ( OCB ) has been structured or carved out. The statement presented here in the instance for why the behaviour of leader be it contingent leader wages. supportiveness. or contributiveness and undertaking features might be responsible for such a parallel relation. The concatenation of bid and its weakening analysis of informations from a study of 195 Chinese Ministry of Communications workers indicates that undertaking scope is responsiblefor more sole disagreement in both theAltruism and Conformityaspects of OCB than does satisfaction. whereas leader equity composed of the three leader behaviour variables-accounts for alone dissension merely with regard to Altruism. ( Jiing-Lih Farh. . 1990. n. p. ) Plants Cited Bachrach.G. D.Journal of Management. V-26. ( 2000 ) . Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research. Retrieved on December 11. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //jom. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/26/3/513 Bell. S. J. . A ; Menguc.Bacillus.The Employee-Organization Relationship. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. and Superior Service Quality. Retrieved on December 11. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www3. babson. edu/Publications/JR/PastIssues/Volume78Issue2/EmployeeOrganizationRelationship. cfm Bolon. S. Douglas. Hospital A ; Health Services Administration. ( 1997. V42. p221 ) .Organizational citizenship behaviour among hospital employees: a multidimensional analysis affecting occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness Cirka. C. C. ( 1999 ) . Academy of Management Journal.Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Retrieved on December 10. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organizational_citizenship_behavior Jiing-Lih Farh. ( Journal of Management. V-16. 1990 ) . Accounting for Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Leader Fairness and Task Scope versus Satisfaction. Retrieved on December 11. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //jom. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/16/4/705 Markozcy. L. ( 2003 ) .Types of Organizational Citizenship Behavior.Retrieved on December 10. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Goldmark. org/livia/papers/ocb/ Retrieved on December 11. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //infotrac. galegroup. com/itw/infomark/915/756/20861154w18/purl=rc1_BCPM_0_A19474436 A ; dyn=11! xrn_14_0_A19474436 A ; bkm_11_14? sw_aep=nysl_me_moncol Woehr. D. J. ( 2007 ).Journal of Applied Psychology.Work Behavior.Retrieved on December 10. 2007 ; from: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Work_behavior